This course introduces the chemical foundations of human physiology by examining the structure, properties, and biological functions of major biomolecules, including amino acids, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, vitamins, and cofactors. Students explore how molecular structure determines biological function, with emphasis on enzyme kinetics, cellular membranes, genetic information flow, molecular signaling, and biochemical regulation. Fundamental concepts of acid-base chemistry, thermodynamics, and molecular interactions are integrated throughout the course. Clinical correlations highlight the biochemical basis of oxidative stress, inflammation, nutrient deficiencies, genetic variations, and cellular dysfunction. The course establishes the scientific foundation necessary for advanced study in metabolism, nutrition, pharmacology, pathophysiology, and clinical medicine.

1. Explain the chemical and molecular principles that support cellular life and human physiology.

2. Classify major biomolecules according to structure, chemical properties, and biological function.

3. Analyze how amino acids, proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids contribute to cellular structure and regulation.

4. Describe membrane structure, membrane transport, and cellular compartmentalization.

5. Interpret enzyme catalysis, kinetics, inhibition, regulation, cofactors, and clinical enzyme relevance.

6. Apply thermodynamic, redox, ATP-coupling, and oxidative phosphorylation principles to cellular energy production.

7. Explain how DNA replication, repair, transcription, translation, gene regulation, and cell signaling preserve and regulate biological information.

8. Integrate molecular structure, biochemical function, and clinical reasoning in case-based scenarios.